'highest overload capability'

The Vertiv Liebert GXT5-20KMVRT11UXLN is a 20kVA (20000VA) rack/tower UPS from the Liebert GXT5 series. The GXT5 series provides high-performance, reliable power protection for critical equipment in IT environments such as data centers, server rooms, and telecommunications. The Liebert GXT5-20KMVRT11UXLN model is specifically designed to deliver high availability, efficient energy management, and flexible configurations (tower or rackmount). Here\'s a detailed breakdown of the Vertiv Liebert GXT5-20KMVRT11UXLN UPS: Key Features of the Vertiv Liebert GXT5-20KMVRT11UXLN: 1. Power Rating and Capacity: Power Rating: 20kVA / 20000VA Output Power: 16000W (16kW) at 208V (depending on load conditions) This provides robust protection for high-density IT loads, such as servers, network switches, telecom systems, and critical infrastructure. 2. Voltage Configuration: Input Voltage: 208V (for 3-phase input) The GXT5 can also be configured to operate at 120V AC (single-phase) when needed, making it flexible for different types of equipment and power requirements. 3. Topology: On-Line Double-Conversion: The GXT5 series uses double-conversion (On-Line) topology, providing the highest level of protection. This topology ensures that the UPS continuously filters and conditions the input power and provides a pure sinewave output to sensitive loads, completely isolating the load from power disturbances. Zero transfer time from utility power to battery power ensures no downtime for connected equipment. 4. Waveform Type: Pure Sinewave Output: The UPS produces a clean, pure sinewave output which is essential for powering sensitive IT equipment without distortion or interference. 5. Battery Type and Runtime: Battery Type: Typically uses Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) or VRLA (Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid) batteries, which require little maintenance and are commonly used in high-performance UPS systems. External Battery Support: The Liebert GXT5-20KMVRT11UXLN supports external battery packs (available separately) to extend runtime for longer periods, making it ideal for power-hungry or mission-critical applications. Charging Time: Typically, it takes about 4-6 hours to recharge the batteries to 90% capacity. 6. Runtime (Backup Time): The battery backup time will vary depending on the load. Here are some estimates: At 50% load (10kVA/10000W): Backup time could range between 15 to 25 minutes. At full load (20kVA/16000W): Backup time would be much shorter, around 5-10 minutes depending on configuration and battery capacity. Extended runtime can be achieved with additional external battery cabinets. 7. Cooling: Fan-assisted cooling ensures optimal temperature management during operation. The UPS is designed to operate efficiently even in environments with higher ambient temperatures. 8. Form Factor: Rackmount and Tower: The Liebert GXT5-20KMVRT11UXLN offers a flexible design, enabling it to be deployed as either a tower or a rackmount UPS. Rackmount form factor: 3U (for the rack version), designed for 19-inch rack installations. The rackmount option allows easy integration into standard server racks or data center environments. 9. Energy Efficiency and Certifications: Energy Star Certification: The Liebert GXT5 is Energy Star certified, meaning it meets high-efficiency standards and minimizes energy consumption during operation. It also has low total cost of ownership (TCO), thanks to its energy-efficient operation. High Efficiency Mode (Eco Mode): The UPS features an eco mode for high-efficiency operation during normal conditions, further reducing energy consumption when conditions permit. 10. Interfaces and Monitoring: LCD Display: The UPS comes with an LCD display that provides real-time information on key parameters such as input/output voltage, battery charge, load levels, and alarm status. Connectivity: USB, Serial, and Network Ports: The GXT5-20KMVRT11UXLN has USB and serial communication ports for local management and monitoring. SNMP Slot: It comes with an optional SNMP card for remote monitoring, allowing you to manage the UPS from anywhere on the network. Dry Contact Interface: Available for integration with building management or alert systems. 11. Advanced Features: Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS): The Liebert GXT5 can support an optional ATS for automatic switching between the utility power and the UPS in the event of a failure, ensuring seamless power continuity. Overload and Short-Circuit Protection: Protects the UPS and connected loads in case of an overload or short circuit by gracefully shutting down the system or providing alarms. Smart Battery Management: The system features battery monitoring to optimize charging cycles and extend the life of the battery bank. Battery health diagnostics help predict and prevent potential failures. Audible Alarms: Provides alerts for low battery, overload, power failure, and other system faults, ensuring that you’re always aware of the UPS condition.

The Vertiv 6kVA PowerBank UPS is typically part of Vertiv's On-Line or Line-Interactive power protection solutions that integrate battery backup systems designed to maintain a continuous supply of power in the event of an outage. These UPS systems are ideal for applications where consistent power quality and uptime are critical, such as for medium to large businesses, IT infrastructure, and high-demand environments like data centers. Although "PowerBank" is a brand name or marketing term used by Vertiv for specific models of UPS systems (often focused on extended battery runtimes or integrated external batteries), detailed product specifications and the exact model can vary. Below is a general overview of the Vertiv 6kVA PowerBank UPS based on the series features typically associated with Vertiv's offerings. Key Features and Specifications: 1. Topology: Double Conversion On-Line: Provides the highest level of protection by continuously filtering and conditioning the incoming utility power. It delivers pure sinewave output, making it suitable for sensitive equipment that requires high-quality power. The On-Line topology ensures zero transfer time in case of power failure because the UPS system is always supplying power from the inverter. 2. Power Rating: 6kVA / 6000VA (Provides backup for medium-sized systems or higher power applications like small-to-medium server rooms, network systems, and critical equipment). 3. Output Power: Output Power: 4.8 kW to 5.4 kW (depending on load and configuration) 4. Input and Output Specifications: Input Voltage: 110V - 300V, wide input range for handling fluctuations without switching to battery mode. Output Voltage: 230V ± 2% (standard in most countries) 5. Waveform Type: Pure Sinewave Output: Ensures that the connected equipment receives a smooth and continuous power supply without the distortions found in some lower-quality UPS systems. 6. Battery Configuration: Battery Type: Typically Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) or Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) batteries. Battery Capacity: Typically, 12V batteries with 18Ah, 24Ah, or higher capacities. The system may include external battery modules (Battery Banks) for extended runtime, making it suitable for larger power demands and longer backup times. External Battery Packs: Some models support additional external battery cabinets, which allow the UPS to run longer during extended outages. This is especially important for environments where power failures may last for an extended period. 7. Charging Time: Typically, the system will fully recharge in around 4-6 hours, depending on battery size and environmental conditions. 8. Backup Time (Runtime): The backup time can range from 20 minutes to several hours, depending on the load. For example, a 50% load (about 3 kVA or 3000W) will generally offer a longer runtime. A full load of 6kVA will typically provide 10-15 minutes of backup time. If the UPS is configured with external battery packs, the runtime can be extended for much longer periods, making it ideal for critical systems that require extended protection during power outages. 9. Cooling System: The UPS is equipped with fan-assisted cooling to ensure efficient heat dissipation and prevent overheating during extended use. 10. Display and Monitoring: LCD Display: Displays real-time information about UPS status, battery health, load capacity, input/output voltages, battery runtime, and other important parameters. Audible Alarms: Alerts for conditions such as low battery, overload, power failure, and system faults. Smart Battery Management: Ensures optimal battery health and extends the lifespan of the UPS. 11. Connectivity and Interfaces: USB/Serial Ports: For communication with a connected computer or server for monitoring and management. SNMP Slots: Some models may offer SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) support for remote monitoring and management via networked devices. Dry Contact Interface: Allows integration with building management or alert systems. Optional Software: Available for automated shutdown in the event of prolonged power outages, and event logging. 12. Form Factor: Tower or Rackmount (depending on the specific model and user preferences). Some models are available in rackmount configurations for server rooms and data centers, while others are more suitable for a tower setup. 13. Additional Features: Overload Protection: Safeguards against exceeding the UPS's rated capacity. Short-Circuit Protection: Provides defense against electrical faults. Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR): Ensures that the UPS compensates for voltage fluctuations (e.g., brownouts or overvoltages) without resorting to battery backup.

SB MODEL & LB MODEL The Vertiv 3kVA UPS models in the SB (Standby) and LB (Line-Interactive) series are designed to provide power protection and backup for medium-sized equipment or small-to-medium office environments, server rooms, and critical infrastructure. Below are the detailed specifications and features for each of these series in the 3kVA range. 1. Vertiv 3kVA SB (Standby) Series UPS The SB Series for 3kVA is a basic uninterruptible power supply solution. The Standby topology is typically the most cost-effective option, ideal for environments that require minimal backup time and surge protection without sophisticated power regulation. Key Features: Topology: Standby (Off-line) UPS Power Rating: 3kVA / 3000VA Output Power: 1800W - 2400W (varies by model) Input Voltage: 160V - 280V (wide voltage range) Output Voltage: 230V ± 10% (standard for most regions) Waveform Type: Simulated Sinewave (approximate sinewave output) Battery Type: Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) or VRLA (Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid) Battery Capacity: 12V, 9Ah, 12Ah, or higher (depending on model) Charging Time: Typically 4-8 hours for a full charge Backup Time (Runtime): Provides backup for 5-20 minutes depending on load (e.g., 60-70% load) Cooling: Fan-assisted cooling for heat dissipation Interfaces: USB/Serial ports (some models include monitoring software) Form Factor: Typically Tower form factor Additional Features: Surge protection (for protection against power spikes) Overload protection and short-circuit protection Battery and overload indicators (LED and audible alarms) Optional software for remote monitoring and automatic shutdown Compact design for easier deployment in small-to-medium businesses, home offices, or workstations Ideal Use Case: Home offices and small businesses needing reliable backup power and surge protection Low power devices like workstations, point-of-sale (POS) systems, small networking equipment Environments where minimal power conditioning and voltage regulation are required 2. Vertiv 3kVA LB (Line-Interactive) Series UPS The LB Series for 3kVA uses a Line-Interactive topology, providing more advanced protection and efficiency, making it ideal for environments where power quality and stability are essential. The line-interactive design offers better Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR), correcting voltage fluctuations without switching to battery power. Key Features: Topology: Line-Interactive Power Rating: 3kVA / 3000VA Output Power: 2100W - 2700W (varies by model) Input Voltage: 140V - 300V (wider input range compared to the SB series) Output Voltage: 230V ± 10% (standard for most regions) Waveform Type: Simulated Sinewave (or Pure Sinewave on some models) Battery Type: Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) or VRLA Battery Capacity: Typically 12V, 9Ah, 12Ah, or higher (depending on model) Charging Time: 4-6 hours to fully charge the battery Backup Time (Runtime): 10-30 minutes depending on the load (e.g., for 50-60% load) Cooling: Fan-assisted cooling Interfaces: USB/Serial ports (for monitoring and management software) Form Factor: Tower or Rackmount (depending on the specific model) Additional Features: Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR): Corrects minor voltage fluctuations without using battery power Cold Start Capability: Can start without mains power (useful during power failures) LCD Display (on some models) to show real-time UPS status, battery level, and load information Overload, short-circuit, and low-battery protection Smart battery management for enhanced performance and extended battery life Audible alarms for power events (e.g., low battery, overload, fault) Smart monitoring and remote management with optional software for logging events and automatic shutdown during extended power outages Ideal Use Case: Small-to-medium-sized servers, network equipment, and critical infrastructure requiring more advanced power protection Environments needing consistent power quality, such as server rooms, medical equipment, and point-of-sale systems Small businesses with sensitive equipment that requires more stable voltage levels and longer backup time

VERTIV 1kVA UPS SB MODEL & LB MODEL The Vertiv 1kVA UPS comes in various models, with common models being the SB (Standby) and LB (Line-Interactive) series. These are uninterruptible power supplies designed to provide backup power and protection for critical equipment like servers, networking devices, and other sensitive electronic systems. Let’s break down the general features and details of both SB and LB models in the 1kVA range. 1. Vertiv 1kVA SB (Standby) Series UPS The SB Series is typically a basic Standby UPS designed to offer essential protection for home office and small business applications. The main purpose of the SB UPS is to provide basic surge protection and power backup during outages. Key Features: Topology: Standby Power Rating: 1kVA / 1000VA Output Power: 600W - 800W (varies by specific model) Input Voltage: 160V - 280V (wide voltage range) Output Voltage: 230V ± 10% (for typical models) Waveform Type: Simulated Sinewave (basic sinewave approximation) Battery Type: Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) or VRLA (Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid) batteries Battery Capacity: 12V, 7Ah or 9Ah (depending on model) Charging Time: Typically 4-8 hours to fully charge the battery Run Time: Provides backup power for 5-15 minutes depending on the load Interfaces: Often includes USB or serial ports for monitoring (depending on model) Form Factor: Tower type, compact design Additional Features: Surge protection Automatic voltage regulation (AVR) Overload and short-circuit protection Low battery and overload indicators Fan-assisted cooling for efficient operation Ideal Use Case: Small offices, home offices, and workstations Network routers, modems, and smaller networking equipment Low power devices and equipment 2. Vertiv 1kVA LB (Line-Interactive) Series UPS The LB Series is a more advanced line-interactive UPS system, designed for more demanding applications that require better efficiency and more consistent power quality. Key Features: Topology: Line-Interactive Power Rating: 1kVA / 1000VA Output Power: 800W - 900W (varies by specific model) Input Voltage: 140V - 300V (wider input range compared to SB) Output Voltage: 230V ± 10% Waveform Type: Simulated Sinewave or Pure Sinewave (depending on the model and configuration) Battery Type: Sealed Lead-Acid (SLA) or VRLA Battery Capacity: 12V, 7Ah or 9Ah Charging Time: Around 4-6 hours for full charge Run Time: Offers longer backup time, depending on load (usually 10-20 minutes for 50-75% load) Form Factor: Tower or Rackmount (depending on model) Interfaces: USB/Serial ports for monitoring, sometimes includes software for automatic shutdown Additional Features: Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) for stabilizing voltage fluctuations Enhanced battery management to extend battery life Cold start capability (UPS can start without mains power) Overload protection LCD display for real-time status monitoring (on some models) Audible alarms for low battery, overload, and fault conditions Ideal Use Case: Small to medium-sized servers, workstations, and critical network equipment Sensitive medical equipment Point-of-sale (POS) systems Small business IT infrastructure

The Amaron 12V 200Ah SMF (Sealed Maintenance Free) battery is designed for various applications, including industrial use, telecommunications, and backup power systems. Here are the key details: Specifications Voltage: 12V Capacity: 200Ah Type: Sealed Maintenance Free (SMF) Lead-Acid Battery Technology: Advanced Lead-Calcium technology, ensuring better performance and longer life. Key Features Maintenance-Free: No need for regular topping up of electrolyte, reducing maintenance efforts. High Durability: Designed to withstand extreme conditions, ensuring reliable performance. Vibration Resistant: Built to endure vibrations, making it suitable for use in vehicles and industrial settings. Long Shelf Life: Offers extended shelf life due to low self-discharge rates. Deep Discharge Capability: Suitable for applications requiring deep cycling. Applications Telecommunications: Power backup for telecom networks and equipment. UPS Systems: Used in uninterruptible power supply systems for critical applications. Solar Energy Systems: Can be utilized in renewable energy setups for storage. Industrial Use: Suitable for powering machinery and equipment. Physical Characteristics Dimensions: Approx. 510 mm x 220 mm x 220 mm (length x width x height) (specific dimensions may vary). Weight: Around 60 kg (may vary by manufacturer). Terminal Type: Typically, lead or brass terminals for secure connections. Safety Features Valve-Regulated: Prevents leakage and spillage, enhancing safety during operation. Overload Protection: Designed to handle overcharging and discharging conditions safely. Warranty Amaron batteries often come with a warranty period ranging from 18 months to 2 years, depending on the specific model and application. Maintenance Tips While SMF batteries require minimal maintenance, it’s essential to keep the terminals clean and ensure proper ventilation during operation. Conclusion The Amaron 12V 200Ah SMF battery is a reliable and efficient power solution for a variety of applications, combining high performance with low maintenance needs. For specific pricing, availability, and additional information, it’s recommended to consult authorized dealers or the official Amaron website.

overview of the Vertiv 1000 kVA UPS, focusing on its features, specifications, and applications. General Overview Type: Online UPS (Double-Conversion) Capacity: 1000 kVA (1 MVA) Form Factor: Typically floor-mounted, designed for large facilities. Electrical Specifications Input Voltage: Usually 380V to 480V AC, three-phase Output Voltage: Configurable output, typically 380V to 480V AC Frequency: 50/60 Hz (auto-sensing) Output Power Factor: Typically around 0.9 to 1.0 Performance Efficiency: High efficiency, often exceeding 95%, with options for eco-mode to enhance energy savings. Transfer Time: Zero milliseconds due to the online architecture, ensuring uninterrupted power supply. Battery and Runtime Battery Type: Commonly uses sealed lead-acid (SLA) or lithium-ion batteries. Battery Backup Time: Varies based on load; external battery cabinets can extend runtime. Recharge Time: Typically 4-8 hours to recharge from complete discharge. Features User Interface: LCD display with real-time monitoring of operational status, battery health, load levels, and alarms. Communication Ports: SNMP, USB, and RS-232 for monitoring and remote management. Surge Protection: Built-in surge protection to safeguard connected equipment. Overload Protection: Automatic shutdown in case of overload conditions. Physical Specifications Dimensions: Size varies by model; requires substantial floor space and proper ventilation. Weight: Generally heavy; ensure appropriate installation support. Installation and Management Mounting Options: Designed for floor mounting; requires sufficient space and infrastructure. Management Software: Advanced software options for monitoring and managing UPS status remotely. Applications Ideal for: Data centers Large IT infrastructures Industrial applications Telecommunications Healthcare facilities Additional Features Modularity: Some models may offer modular designs for scalability and redundancy. Hot-Swap Capability: Allows battery replacement and maintenance without downtime. Parallel Operation: Supports parallel configurations for redundancy and capacity scaling. Warranty and Support Warranty: Generally includes a limited warranty covering parts and labor, with options for extended service agreements. Support: Vertiv offers various support services, including installation, maintenance, and monitoring solutions. Conclusion The Vertiv 1000 kVA UPS is designed for mission-critical applications requiring high reliability and performance. It is well-suited for environments where power continuity is essential.

overview of the Vertiv UPS models in the 175 kVA to 200 kVA range, focusing on features, specifications, and applications. General Overview Type: Online UPS (Double-Conversion) Capacity: 175 kVA to 200 kVA Form Factor: Typically available in a floor-standing configuration Electrical Specifications Input Voltage: Typically 380V to 480V AC three-phase Output Voltage: 380V to 480V AC (configurable based on application) Frequency: 50/60 Hz (auto-sensing) Output Power Factor: Usually around 0.9 to 1.0 Performance Efficiency: High efficiency, often exceeding 95% in normal operating mode, with some models offering an eco-mode for even greater energy savings. Transfer Time: Zero milliseconds due to the online architecture. Battery and Runtime Battery Type: Typically uses sealed lead-acid (SLA) or lithium-ion batteries. Battery Backup Time: Varies based on load; options for extended runtime through external battery cabinets. Recharge Time: Generally 4-8 hours to recharge from complete discharge, depending on configuration. Features LCD Display: Advanced display panel providing real-time information on operational status, battery health, load percentage, and alarms. Communication Ports: Options typically include USB, RS-232, and SNMP for monitoring and management. Surge Protection: Built-in surge protection to safeguard equipment. Overload Protection: Automatic shutdown in case of overload situations. Physical Specifications Dimensions: Varies by model; typically requires dedicated floor space. Weight: Generally heavy; ensure proper installation and support infrastructure. Installation and Management Mounting Options: Floor-mounted; requires adequate space and ventilation. Management Software: Advanced management and monitoring software available, allowing for remote control and status checks. Applications Ideal for: Data centers Critical IT infrastructure Telecommunications Industrial applications Healthcare facilities Additional Features Modularity: Some models offer modular design for scalability. Hot-Swap Capability: Allows for battery maintenance without downtime. Redundancy Options: Parallel operation capability for enhanced reliability. Warranty and Support Warranty: Typically includes a limited period covering parts and labor, with options for extended service agreements. Support: Vertiv provides various support services, including installation, maintenance, and remote monitoring. Conclusion The Vertiv UPS in the 175 kVA to 200 kVA range is designed for robust applications that require high reliability and performance. These systems are ideal for environments where uptime is critical.

Here’s a comprehensive overview of the Vertiv 1kVA Online UPS, covering key specifications and features: General Features Type: Online UPS (Double-Conversion) Capacity: 1 kVA (1000 VA) Form Factor: Tower or rack-mounted options available Electrical Specifications Input Voltage: Typically 220V to 240V AC Output Voltage: 220V to 240V AC (pure sine wave) Frequency: 50/60 Hz (auto-sensing) Output Power Factor: Usually around 0.8 to 1.0 Performance Efficiency: High-efficiency operation, often above 90% in normal mode Transfer Time: Zero milliseconds due to online architecture Battery and Runtime Battery Type: Typically sealed lead-acid (SLA) or lithium-ion options Battery Backup Time: Varies based on load; can range from a few minutes to several hours depending on connected equipment Recharge Time: Usually 4-6 hours to full charge from complete discharge Features LCD Display: Provides real-time information on battery status, load levels, input/output voltage, and more. Communication Ports: USB, RS-232, or SNMP options for monitoring and management Surge Protection: Protects against voltage spikes and surges Overload Protection: Automatically shuts down in case of overload Physical Specifications Dimensions: Varies by model, generally compact for space efficiency Weight: Generally lightweight for easy handling and installation Installation and Management Mounting Options: Can be installed in rack-mounted configurations or standalone Management Software: Some models come with management software for monitoring and configuring UPS settings Applications Ideal for: Servers Networking equipment Telecommunications Small to medium businesses needing power protection Warranty and Support Warranty typically includes a limited period for parts and labor, with support options available for troubleshooting and maintenance. Additional Features Hot-Swap Capability: Some models allow battery replacement without shutting down the UPS. Environmental Considerations: Some units may offer energy-saving modes or eco-friendly features.

The Luminous LD30KH-PRO is a high-performance Inverter designed to provide reliable backup power for homes, offices, and small commercial setups. It is a part of Luminous' Pure Sine Wave Inverter series, offering high efficiency and stable power supply to sensitive equipment like computers, refrigerators, air conditioners, and other appliances. Here are the key features and specifications of the Luminous LD30KH-PRO: Key Features: Power Capacity: 30 kVA (Kilovolt-Ampere) – It is designed to support large power loads, making it suitable for medium to large residential, commercial, or industrial applications. Pure Sine Wave Output: Provides clean and stable output voltage, ensuring that sensitive equipment (like computers, air conditioners, and medical equipment) operates without issues, such as noise or voltage fluctuations. High Efficiency: The inverter operates with high efficiency, which reduces power loss and ensures that more of the battery's energy is used to power connected appliances. Advanced Microprocessor Technology: The inverter uses a microprocessor-based design to ensure high performance, protection, and reliability. It optimizes charging and discharging cycles, as well as load management. User-Friendly LCD Display: It comes with an intuitive LCD display that shows important information such as battery status, power usage, input and output voltage, and fault conditions. This helps users easily monitor and manage the system. Wide Input Voltage Range: The inverter operates with a wide input voltage range, which helps it perform well under varying input conditions. This feature helps protect connected equipment from power surges and fluctuations. Multiple Protection Mechanisms: Built-in protection features include overload protection, short-circuit protection, deep discharge protection, and battery reverse polarity protection, which ensures the safety of the connected equipment. Battery Compatibility: The Luminous LD30KH-PRO is compatible with both lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, giving users flexibility depending on their preferences for battery technology. Smart Battery Management: The inverter comes with intelligent battery management to optimize battery performance, extending their lifespan and ensuring safe charging and discharging cycles. Compact and Reliable Design: Designed with a compact form factor and a durable build, the inverter is ideal for both indoor and outdoor installations and can be used for both backup power and off-grid applications. Applications: Residential Homes – For providing backup power for large appliances like air conditioners, refrigerators, lighting, and electronics. Small and Medium Businesses – For ensuring uninterrupted power supply to computers, servers, and other essential equipment. Commercial Use – Ideal for large offices, small industries, and workshops. Rural/Off-Grid Areas – Can be used in places with frequent power outages or no access to the grid, providing a reliable power solution. Specifications Summary: Rated Capacity: 30 kVA Output Type: Pure Sine Wave Input Voltage: 120V – 300V (depending on model) Charging Current: Adjustable (depends on load) Display: LCD with detailed status updates Battery Compatibility: Compatible with lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries